cross-chain bridge safety

Layer 2 security risks

Layer 2 Security Risks: How Multisig Centralization Breaks Trust

The Wormhole Bridge hack of 2022 wiped out $325 million in a matter of hours. The Ronin Bridge exploit drained over $600 million. These weren't smart contract bugs or cryptographic failures — they were multisig wallet compromises caused by human operational failures, not mathematical flaws. Despite Layer 2 protocols

Ethereum layer 2 security

Ethereum Layer 2 Security: The Hidden Multisig Centralization Risk 2026

When JPMorgan launched their $5 billion MONY tokenized money market fund in February 2026, they made a telling decision: deploy directly on Ethereum mainnet, not Layer 2. Their reasoning? "Security settlement layer considerations." This wasn't just corporate conservatism—it was recognition of a fundamental vulnerability plaguing